In 1933, it recorded its lowest temperature of -67.7C. 2023; 12(2):274. Saddles and gaps along a ridge will funnel the wind and increase its speed. The Coastal Range allows for some condensation and light precipitation. Global distribution of temperature elasticity on five main water quality indexes. It measures average life expectancy, level of education and income for each country in the world. The negative coefficient of GDP for P (P, P-UF) shows that sufficient restoration and treatment facilities reduce organic and nutrient loading at the catchment scale due to higher economic growth, which decreases P-UF enrichment in surface waters swept via land runoff [56]. The topographic effect is the variation in radiance from an inclined surface compared to the radiance from a horizontal surface as a function of the surface orientation relative to the light source and sensor position. P-F and DOC are abundant in tropical (A), arid (B) and temperate (C) climate waterbodies. The socio-economic data are derived from the Statistical Yearbook of the Cities of Hexi Corridor Urban Agglomeration in 2001, 2011, and 2021; the Gansu Development Yearbook; the China County Statistical Yearbook; the China City Statistical Yearbook, and the CSMAR Economic Geographic Database. Temperature usually decreases by 1C for every 100 metres in altitude. (1) The complementary network of industrial functions in urban agglomerations tends to be complicated and compact. The response of DOC is site specific and complex to climatic drivers [67]. There are six major controls of the climate of an area. The higher up you are, the colder and drier it will be. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Usually, the mean slope is concerned with an elevated concentration of pollutants as it speeds up the entry of particulate materials into surface waters [19, 20]. By contrast, the impact of topographical features on the response of typical water quality parameters to climate factors has not been investigated. Africa's physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately. Increase in P (P, DOC) is positively supported by the catchment area, which may be due to several potential reasons including inputs from sewage, decomposition of organic yard wastes, leaf litter, grass clippings and plant residue in soil by microorganisms [45, 46]. (3) The impact of topographical relief on population and economy was stronger than that of other topographical factors. The relief degree showed a good logarithmic fit relationship with population density (0.911) and economic density (0.874). The 7 main factors are latitude, elevation, nearby water, ocean currents, topography, vegetation, and prevailing winds. As altitude increases, the amount of gas molecules in the air decreasesthe air becomes less dense than air nearer to sea level. Primary concentrations of human Zhang, Y.-Q. More frequent and intense drought, storms, heat waves, rising sea levels, melting glaciers and warming oceans can directly harm animals, destroy the places they live, and wreak havoc on people's livelihoods and communities. Miao, H.-L.; Zhou, H. Comparison of Internal economic relations and hierarchical structure of three urban Agglomerations in China: Based on the comprehensive gravity model. Chai, D.; Zhang, D.; Sun, Y.; Yang, S.; Xiong, F. Research on the City Network Structure in the Yellow River Basin in China Based on Two-Way Time Distance Gravity Model and Social Network Analysis Method. From 2000 to 2010, the industrial base was improved, and vital complementary industries increased and showed similar characteristics. Chemical fertilizers have been the major cause of the green revolution, while manure is the traditional source for soil nutrition. Blasi, S.; Ganzaroli, A.; De Noni, I. Smartening sustainable development in cities: Strengthening the theoretical linkage between smart cities and SDGs. A region's weather patterns, usually tracked for at least 30 years, are considered its climate. These two variables did not capture spatial variability at the basin scale, which is its main limitation. This means that coastal locations tend to be cooler in summer and warmer in winter than places inland at the same latitude and altitude. Topography is the relief of an area. Feature HSCJ201607). Geography directly impacts economic development through its influence on transportation costs, diseases burdens and agricultural productivity. Export citation and abstract DOC exhibits variability in space, which may be due to the complex effects of climatic drivers on DOC, i.e. ; Kung, H.-T. Coupling coordination analysis and spatio-temporal heterogeneity between urbanization and eco-environment along the Silk Road Economic Belt in China. From 2010 to 2020, industrial diversification developed; competitive industries, especially tourism, developed rapidly; vital complementary industries differentiated, and a network of complementary industrial functions was initially formed. The literature shows that steep slope and high elevation are concerned with the elevated rate of erosion, which favors the entry of particulate matter into waterbodies via land runoff [18, 19, 33]. Ariken, M.; Zhang, F.; Chan, N.W. Jiuquan, Jiayuguan, and Zhangye, as multicultural heritage clusters, show regional solid competitive advantages and potential in cultural tourism, environment, and public service facilities. The second industry is the JiujiaJinwu dual-core linkage, with Jiujia as the lead and Jiuzhang and Jinwu as the backbone. Wei, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhang, S.; Sono, D.; Xiu, C. Urban positionality in the regional urban network: Through the lens of alter-based centrality and national-local perspectives. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/aa8a33, 1 School of Environnent, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Peoples Republic of China, 2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar (Bannu Campus), Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan, 3 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Peoples Republic of China, 4 State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Peoples Republic of China, Method:Single-anonymous Climate change can impact water ecosystems by changing the water quality via different biochemical processes [1, 2]. How does topography affect economic development? Some points should be mentioned. Policy makers, and watershed and resource managers can take guidance from the developed empirical equations between the CEWQ and the above-mentioned factors for better water quality management of freshwater resources. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. MDPI and/or As the air moves up the windward side of a mountain, it cools, and the volume decreases. HDI is calculated by the United Nations. Thessaly has warm, dry plains and lower mountain ranges. G01296001). Some studies have reported that the mean slope and elevation are associated with enhanced erosion rates, which subsequently speed up particulate material entry into surface waters [18, 21]. Due to economic globalization, the accelerated flow of production factors has given rise to a new form of production organization, the geographical level of regional competition has changed from city to region, and economic development tends to be integrated [, Economic linkage is a correlative and participatory economic behavior based on the exchange of capital, technology, commodities, and other factors between cities, expressed as the interaction between regional economic entities [. ; Chang, H.-Y. Klages-Mundt, A.; Minca, A. Optimal intervention in economic networks using influence maximization methods. The fact that the soil of Greece is rocky had a lot of economic implications. Lu, Z.-H. Research on Spatial Economic Linkages of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration and Their Impact on Economic Efficiency. (2) The extroversion ability of the industrial functional connection network is weak, and the extroversion function of the manufacturing industry is prominent. Topographical relief is a key factor that limits population distribution and economic development in mountainous areas. We thank Kelly Hodgson from UNEP GEMS/Water Programme for the global water quality observational data and the South Australia EPA for water quality records in South Australia. What role did mountains play in the development of Ancient Greek culture? The concept of bivariate elasticity was introduced by Jiang et al (2014) in order to measure the response of water quality parameters to precipitation and temperature [28]. Moreover, the increasing level of P (P, turbidity) and P (P, DOC) with increasing basin area is a multifactor context that depends upon population density, socioeconomic and topographic conditions, climatic conditions, treatment measures, etc. ; funding acquisition, P.S. [1] There are four branches of economic geography. The mean elevation, mean slope, standard deviation of slope, basin area, mean human population density, mean N and P fertilizer, and mean N and P manure for each sub-watershed was extracted using a GIS spatial analyst tool [35]. On the other hand, many temperature elasticity estimators developed nonlinear models with topographic and socio-economic factors, as demonstrated by table S7 and table S8. GDP positively favors P (P, P-UF), which might be linked with urbanization. and P.S. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP. Measurement of the network connectivity of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration from the perspective of urban flow. Mountainous areas tend to have more extreme weather because it acts as a barrier to air movements and moisture. ; Yang, H.-N.; Yang, Y.-C.; Wei, W.; Pan, J.-H. Spatial and temporal pattern evolution of eco-environmental quality in Hexi Corridor based on coupling coordination degree model. Topographical relief is a key factor that limits population distribution and economic development in mountainous areas. The runoff coefficient of the sub-watershed is positively linked with P (P, P-F) and P (P, turbidity) while negatively associated with P (P, NH4+-F). income and education levels) as well as physical capital such as infrastructures (utilities, transport, telecommunications). Geography doesn't just determine whether humans can live in a certain area or not, it also determines people's lifestyles, as they adapt to the available food and climate patterns. While they all share mountains as a basic geographic characteristic, they also have differences. The vulnerability of karst and caves mechanisms, impacts on Karst and caves are extremely fragile environments and they are affected by specific hazards and impacts, largely related to their This study was carried out on major watersheds of the World. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020274, Xie X, Shi P. Dynamic Evolution and Collaborative Development Model of Urban Agglomeration in Hexi Corridor from the Perspective of Economic Flow. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. Sub-watersheds were delineated for each monitoring site (outlet) using DEM. BibTeX Preliminary results of the characteristics of CEWQ and comparison with other quality indexes (i.e. Runoff coefficient data was assigned to different watersheds based on climatic class. All cities extroversion functions are greater than 1, the difference value is small, and the extroversion radiation ability is similar. We discuss the socio-economic and topographic factors that cause instability of CEWQ parameters and conclude with some suggestions for watershed managers to bring sustainability in freshwater bodies. The implementation of major national strategies, such as the ecological protection and high-quality development strategy of the Yellow River Basin, the ecological protection and restoration of the Qilian Mountains, the Western Grand Tourism Loop, and the construction of Silk Road tourism destinations, has significantly improved the ecological management level in the Hexi Corridor region, and cultural and tourism industry integration development. Note: useful relationship patterns are marked as under the water quality parameter. These factors are latitude, elevation, nearby water, ocean currents, topography, vegetation, and prevailing winds. Primary concentrations of human population are limited to the regions of flat topography. Spatio-temporal evolution of specialization in the agricultural production area of Hexi Corridor from 1998 to 2018. Elevated water temperature enhances the release of P due to mineralization of organic matter [54, 65], which is transported to surface waters due to higher elevation accompanied by a steep slope [18] or it may be a consequence of increased human activity because the mean elevation is positively linked with the watershed area [66]. Precious metals were mined from the mountains that could be used for trade. The Greeks, through cultural diffusion, learned a great deal from the people they met through the travel of the seas. Conceptualization, X.X. Therefore, the coastal regions will stay cooler in summer and warmer in winter, thus creating a more moderate climate with a narrower temperature range. These have been caused by many natural factors, including changes in the sun, emissions from volcanoes, variations in Earth's orbit and levels of carbon dioxide (CO2). This meant different social structures, government systems, and military strategies. [ 16] found that chemical oxygen demand in water of Lake Kasumigaura, the second largest lake in Japan, increased with rising air temperature. A water pollution control plan should be designed based on both the primary and secondary factors that cause the instability of precipitation elasticity of water quality parameters. If an area is close to a body of water it tends to make milder climates. Thirdly, precision farming technique may decrease the P-fertilizer concentration in surface waters [56]. Water quality records were obtained from United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS)/Water (www.gemstat.org) apart from for the MurrayDarling River in Australia (www.epa.sa.gov.au). ; software, X.X. Water Quality Index Application to Evaluate the Ground Water Quality in Kalar City- Kurdistan Region- Iraq, The analysis of correlation between Regimes River coefficient and runoff coefficient (Case study in catchment areas of sidutan and reak), Analysis of long-term trends (19502009) in precipitation, runoff and runoff coefficient in major urban watersheds in the United States, On-line water quality inspection system: the role of the wireless sensory network, Comparative analysis of weighted arithmetic and CCME Water Quality Index estimation methods, accuracy and representation, Forested lands dominate drinking water supply in the conterminous United States, Imaging Geophysicist / Scientist - 2023 Graduate Programme, Senior Scientist as Specialist (f/m/d) for Computing in the Institute for Accelerator Physics, Positions in Clean Water, Biodiversity and Environment (I4WORLD), Copyright 2023 IOP These include latitude, elevation, nearby water, ocean currents, topography, vegetation, and prevailing winds. Rugged terrain restricts the concentration of population in any area. ; methodology, X.X. Topography Affects Rain and SnowfallAs air rises, it also cools. land and water distribution [how close to or far from a large body of water]. (3) The economic network has a greater agglomeration effect than diffusion effect, with prominent grouping characteristics, forming a network structure of one man, three vices, and many nodes and a significant spatial proximity effect. Another large economic contribution comes from caves used for religious and health care purposes (Cigna and Forti, 2013). Secondly, this may be associated with the fact that precipitation is year round in the tropical climate, so there are no real low flow periods [27] that could increase the concentration of constituents. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020274, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Ashfaq, S.; Tang, Y.; Maqbool, R. Insights of energy and its trade networking impacts on sustainable economic development. Landforms might include physical features like mountains or oceans. A general rule of thumb in understanding weather is warm air rises and cold air sinks. Although many factors combine to influence weather, the four main ones are solar radiation, the amount of which changes with Earth's tilt, orbital distance from the sun and latitude, temperature, air pressure and the abundance of water. The question takes place from the time of Ancient Greece." Nie, X.-Y. What were the major differences between Athens and Sparta. latitude,temperature,precipitation,topography,and elevation. Summary. affect farming. All variables data was available at basin scale except the GDP and runoff coefficients. shape of the land (known as 'relief' or 'topography'). Figure 2. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. We are also grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their generous feedback that improved the quality of this paper. Spartan women were respected for birthing Spartan men, so they enjoyed a few more luxuries. Zheng, W.; Xu, W.-L.; Chen, Y. Some nonlinear relations are reported in table 1 with their corresponding R2 and P-values which include: P (P, NOx-F) with mean slope (R2=0.624, P=0.001), P (P, PO43-F) with P-manure with (R2=0.624, P=0.001), T (T, NO2-F) with N-manure (R2=0.563, P=0.001), T (T, P-F) with P-fertilizer (R2=0.695, P=0.010) and T (T, P-F) with P-manure (R2=0.920, P=0.000). methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. Climatic Factors Affecting Farming. In comparison to Cwa, a subclass of temperate (C), Cfa and Cfb have higher contents of NO3-F, which may be due to climatic conditions that favor leaching of nitrogen from soil with time [75, 76], or irrigation tailwater discharge from conventional farming that favors the release of nitrate contents to waterbodies in the vicinity [56]. Based on the model, when topography over the selected region (KTU) is reduced to 25%, the mean rainfall (temperature) over east Africa is reduced (increased) by about 19% (2) The backbone correlation axes of the three industries show the characteristics of a closed triangular connection, dual-core linkage development, and multi-center multi-axis interaction. Central Greece is surrounded by a lot of water, and the Peloponnese is mountainous and separated from the mainland by the Gulf of Corinth. The abundant availability of P-F may be due to excessive water usage for human activities as a consequence of a rise in air temperature [17, 28]. where \overline T, \overline P and W\overline Q are the air temperature, precipitation and water quality at any given time, respectively. what are the five factors that affect climate? Wang, Y.-R.; Jia, Z.; Gu, R.-X. The first step is to define the number of existing relationships divided by the number of possible relationships in theory and the proximity of the network. What are the differences between the three poleis of Athens, Sparta, and Miletus? Generally, topographic features regulate surface water quality variables. Runoff coefficients for different Koppen climatic conditions were obtained from Chiew et als studies [27]. v. t. e. Economic geography is the subfield of human geography which studies economic activity and factors affecting them. from Rutgers University-New Brunswick/Piscataway M.A. ; Lv, R.; Zhang, X.-B. Moreover, the particular influences on water chemistry exhibit regionalization owing to climatic and non-climatic factors [11, 12]. P-fertilizer has a positive coefficient for P (P, temperature). Economic Network and Economic growth of Urban Agglomeration: A Study based on Big data and network analysis method. UDel_AirT_Precip data were obtained from the website of NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ; Li, M.-L. Study on Spatial Connection and Optimization of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: Based on urban flow intensity and gravity model. When topography Finally, combined with the functional positioning of the Hexi Corridor, this paper proposes a coordinated and integrated development mode of economic space featuring interconnection, interaction, and complementarity among cities within the region, so as to provide a scientific reference for the improvement of the efficiency of resource allocation in urban agglomerations, enhancing the internal economic connectivity of underdeveloped urban agglomerations along the Belt and Road, and promoting the high-quality development of regional integration. GDP data was obtained from the World Bank (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG). The delineated sub-watersheds were used for data extraction, which will be used as explanatory variables in regression models. Climatic factors such as light, water, and rainfall, temperature, air, relative humidity and wind also affect farming in various ways. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. As air cools, this water vapor is forced to condense, depositing rain or snow on windward slopes. Catchment land use is the primary determining factor for regulating the nutrients [16]. The results demonstrated that precipitation elasticity shows higher sensitivity to topographic and socio-economic determinants as compared to temperature elasticity. There is a positive correlation between relief degree and elevation, and a much stronger correlation between relief degree and slope. A general rule of thumb in understanding weather is warm air rises and cold air sinks. The topography of an area can influence the weather and climate. The response of PO43-F and PO43-UF to temperature is inelastic and relatively elastic, and site specific [28]. In order to detect the impact of topography on social factors, we selected the Jinchang and Wuwei, located in the eastern section of the Hexi Corridor, fail to play a prominent driving role in connection with the tertiary industry. Some studies also show that topographic complexity as represented by the standard deviation of slope may be a better predictor than the average slope [19, 20]. GDP is negatively associated with T (T, turbidity). In the current study, the principle aim is to uncover the influence of watershed topographic and socio-economic attributes on the climate sensitivity of river water quality based on a global analysis. prior to publication. Water quality monitoring stations with long-term records on large rivers used in this study. Ocean currents. The Feature Paper can be either an original research article, a substantial novel research study that often involves Why topography is considered in site selection? More specifically speaking, topography aids in changing precipitation and temperature. Though a majority of the population is engaged in agriculture and rarely shift Zhao, J.; Sun, G.; Webster, C. Does China-Pakistan Economic Corridor improve connectivity in Pakistan? ; Yang, Y.-C.; Pan, J.-G. Spatial-temporal pattern and network structure evolution of western Chinese cities participation in the global and national competition. Ma, D.; Zhang, C.; Hui, Y.; Xu, B. The impacts of natural environment on water quality, e.g., climate and topography, have been less studied in comparison with land use and socio-economic factors. Thirdly, it may be attributed to exothermic reactions in the surface waters due to P-fertilizer, which enhances water temperature. Location and climate have large effects on income levels and income growth through their effects on transport costs, disease burdens, and agricultural productivity, Geological records show that there have been a number of large variations in the Earth's climate. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This enabled the Spartan citizens to train in the art of battle. Figure 1. correlation analysis) were formerly reported by [28]. several techniques or approaches, or a comprehensive review paper with concise and precise updates on the latest Geography doesn't just determine whether humans can live in a certain area or not, it also determines people's lifestyles, as they Thirdly, we analyze and discuss how CEWQ stability is affected under different Koppen climate classes. Just like other abiotic elements of environmental factors such as soil and topography, they influence how crops grow and develop. Figure 4. Wind and air masses. How does topography affect human life? This means that coastal locations tend to be cooler in summer and warmer in winter than places inland at the same latitude and altitude. Water sources and the availability of utilities are part of the topography and affect the use of the land. See further details. Weather can change from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, month-to-month or even year-to-year. The increasing level of P (P, turbidity) with sub-watershed area may be attributed to several possible reasons: frequent and strong storms that erode the ground surface and re-suspend sediments in surface waters [41], human land use change [6, 42], and stock grazing and agricultural activities [43, 44]. As humans have migrated across the planet, they have had to adapt to all the changing conditions they were exposed to. When air reaches the mountains, it is forced to rise over this barrier. Climate 4. How was citizenship connected to the Greek polis? Nie, X.-Y. Mountainous areas Latitude. The intensification of human socio-economic activities, along with fertilizer and manure application for crop production, has strong consequences for surface water quality. So, feel free to use this information and benefit from expert answers to the questions you are interested in! ; Chun, Y. Spatial Autocorrelation in Spatial Interactions Models: Geographic Scale and Resolution Implications for Network Resilience and Vulnerability. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. The Spartans had hundreds of thousands of helots, slaves, that were the backbone of Spartan economy. For more information, please refer to There is, primary sector, Secondary sector, Tertiary sector, & Quaternary sector. Other city-states that were not on the We will accelerate the development of Dunhuang as a famous international cultural and tourism city, support the transformation and development of Yumen as a resource-exhausted city, expand Wuwei Qingyuan Wine Town and Zhangye Nijiaying Seven-Color Danxia Town, build the Guazhou agglomeration center, highlight county characteristics, and promote the integrated development of the urban and rural economies. (3) The primary industrys industrial core backbone connection axis is mainly based on the closed triangular connection between Jiuquan, Zhangye, and Jinchang. (5) The structure of JiuquanJiayuguanZhangye and JinchangWuwei subgroups is close. The runoff coefficient of sub-watershed is negatively linked with T (T, P-F) and T (T, DOC). Masters Thesis, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China, 2020. Liu, H.-Y. ; Gao, S.; Wang, Y.-Q. Based on the years 2000, 2010, and 2020, this paper studies the industrial function connection path and economic network characteristics of the Hexi Corridor through an urban flow model, dominant flow analysis, modified gravity model, and social network analysis method, and puts forward an economic synergistic development model. Topography (the arrangement of natural and human-made physical features of an area) is one feature which affects human population growth. You are accessing a machine-readable page. Dai, J.-C.; Xie, F.; Na, K.-P. Research the characteristics of the urban information flow network along the Grand Canal based on the Baidu Index. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. Economic factors such as subsidies, commodity prices, labour and immigration laws, cost of land, transport, capital and markets, etc. ; Liang, C.-B. Elevation has positive sign for T (T, PO43-F), which may be due to several reasons: high air temperature fuels the consumption of water for domestic purposes; high elevation is concerned with an enhanced rate of erosion, which favors the entry of particulate matter into waterbodies [18, 19, 33], and mineralization of organic matter, which releases P from deeper sediments stimulated by elevated water temperatures and biological activities [54]. For Multi-point coordinated characteristic development mode. Topography (the arrangement of natural and human-made physical features of an area) is one feature which affects human population growth.
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