Shortly after he signed the Declaration of Independence, he was taken prisoner by the British. Susannah later married Thomas Leonard and remained in Princeton after her husbands death. John Witherspoon was born at Gifford, a parish of Yester, at East Lothian, Scotland, as the eldest child of the Reverend James Alexander Witherspoon and Anne Walker, a descendant of John Welsh of Ayr and John Knox. Stone was the engraver. Even George Read of Delaware, who had voted against the Declaration on July 2nd, signed it, as did Robert Morris of Pennsylvania, who had stayed away from the session rather than vote no as he was formally instructed to do. A member of the five-man drafting committee created immediately after the Lee resolution was introduced, Jefferson had proposed that John Adams of Massachusetts undertake the actual writing of the statement, but Adams declined. Witherspoon had declined the appointment as president of the college because his wife was reluctant to emigrate. He booked passage on a ship to cross the Irish channel, his baggage was delayed but it proved to be his preservation as the ship sank in a violent storm and all aboard perished, he later crossed safely. "Why do you spare my house? Born in 1723, he received the finest education available to a bright young gentleman of that era. He did not favor separation; rather, he suggested in 1764 that some colonial members be appointed to the Parliament. Stockton's treatment in the New York prison prompted Continental Congress to pass a resolution directing George Washington to inquire into the circumstances and not long afterward, Stockton was paroled on January 13, 1777. Civil government owed more to the latter than the former in Witherspoon's Presbyterian doctrine. It had been a long and muddy ride from Princeton, they had been caught in a violent thunderstorm, and their clothes were soaking wet. The Witherspoon Society is a body of laypeople within the Presbyterian Church (USA), in existence since 1979, that is activist in liberal and progressive causes. External links:Richard Stockton at the Biographical Directory of the United States CongressBiography by Rev. If so, login to add it. (Painting by Charles Willson Peale, public domain via Wikimedia Commons). Declaration of Independence Signer. Stockton had the honor of personally presenting to King George III an address of the trustees of the College of New Jersey, acknowledging the repeal of the Stamp Act, and his address was favorably received by the king. Doctor Samuel Finley at Nottingham Academy in Maryland, and then attended the College of New Jersey at Newark graduating in 1748 before the college relocated to Princeton. Witherspoon was at first unable to accept the offer, due to his wife's great fear of crossing the sea. John Witherspoon arrived in Philadelphia to take their place as new members of Congress meeting at the State House (now Independence Hall). His sons later moved from Hopewell, but his daughters' married men from the surrounding area. Joseph Hewes of North Carolina was a Quaker with a long pacifist heritage, and for many months he sided with those in Congress who were opposed to independence. Judge Richard Stockton was the only signer to be put in irons, starved and imprisoned under brutal conditions by the British four months after signing the Declaration of Independence. discoveries. Reason second, I am obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular; you are very much otherwise. From 1758-1768, he was minister of the Laigh Kirk, Paisley (Low Kirk). She later had second thoughts, and a visit from the charming Dr. Doctor Samuel Smith, vice president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University)and son-in-law of Rev. Politically active, Witherspoon was a delegate from New Jersey to the Second Continental Congress and a signatory to the July 4, 1776, Declaration of Independence. Witherspoon worked with fellow Presbyterians and Congregationalists to ensure that the Anglican Church did not become the established church of the new nation as it had been in some of the states, but he believed that members of the clergy had the same right to participate in politics as others did. In 1766 and 1767, he gave up his law practice for the purpose of visiting England, Scotland, and Ireland. His aim as a minister was to defend and articulate traditional Scottish Presbyterian theology, without altering or disguising it. They had held a Stamp Act Congress in New York during September 1765, and that same year formed the Sons of Liberty, which one observer called, "a mob of gentlemen." ", William Ellery of Rhode Island deliberately moved close to the signing table "to see how they all looked as they signed what might be their death warrants." In June 1766, Richard Stockton sailed to London and for fifteen months traveled in England, Scotland and Ireland. Virtue, he argued, could be deduced through the development of the moral sense, an ethical compass instilled by God in all human beings and developed through religious education (Reid) or civil sociability (Hutcheson). Witherspoon, in accordance with the Scottish moral sense philosophy, taught that all human beings, Christian or otherwise, could be virtuous, but he was nonetheless committed to Christianity as the only route to personal salvation. He first took a moderate stance in the troubles between the colonies and England. In 1776, the New Jersey delegates to the Congress were holding out against Independence. Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Vol 3, p.115Glynn, His Sacred Honor Judge Richard Stockton a signer of the Declaration of Independence, 2006, page 197Patriots of the American Revolution, May/June 2010, Vol 3, Issue 3. He lost all of his extensive library, writings, and all of his property during the British invasion. Although Witherspoon can be heavily credited in the expansion and progression of the University, his ownership ties to the enslavement of Black people in America have caused for an internal Princeton petition to the CPUC Committee on Naming at Princeton University and President Eisgruber for the removal of his statue that currently stands in Firestone Plaza on campus. His fame preceded him and he was received by the most eminent men of the kingdom. And Continental Congresses were convened at Philadelphia in 1774, to deal with Britain's passage of the Intolerable Acts, and in 1775, shortly after the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Senators, and 49 United States congressmen. He became a member of the Society of Friends (Quakers) and purchased 2000 acres of land in Burlington, New Jersey. That August, when elections were held for the state governments of the new nation, Stockton and William Livingston each received the same number of votes to be the Governor of New Jersey on the first ballot. In the months before and after the Declaration of Independence, several states were working on their own constitutions, including New York. In John Trumbull's famous painting Declaration of Independence, Witherspoon is among those shown in the background facing the large table, the second seated figure from the viewer's right. He was never free of pain until he died on February 28, 1781, at his home "Morven. He married Elizabeth Montgomery on 2 September 1748, in Scotland, United Kingdom. They knew they were committing high treason against the Crown and that the penalty for doing so was death by hanging. While in London Stockton met with Benjamin Franklin and conferred with London merchants on the issue of paper money by the colonies and an act of Parliament forbidding it. The signers were public spirited and patriotic citizens who had for years been important in the affairs of their local communities and governments. Two weeks later, on August 2, 1776, the Congress met again at the State House in Philadelphia to formalize with their legislatures what they had adopted a month before. Richard Stocktons home Morven became the New Jersey Governors Mansion from 1954-1981. It was only through a protracted effort on the part of several eminent Americans, including Richard Stockton and Benjamin Rush, that the colonies were able to acquire his service. He was 71 when he died. He paid the supreme price for placing his signature on the Declaration and pledging his life, his fortune and his Sacred Honor. Behind that fleet were all the wealth and power of the British Empire. Two incidents occurred during Stocktons travels that placed his life in peril. Frances, the youngest daughter, married Dr. David Ramsay, a delegate from South Carolina to the Continental Congress, on March 18, 1763. I hope therefore that already a considerable quantity of shoes and stockings at least may be provided and that you will take immediate order for the sending of the parcels. On his visit to Scotland he was entertained by the Earl of Levin and other noblemen at Edinburgh Castle and the freedom of the city was conferred on him. John Knox Witherspoon, Signer of the & Princeton, Mercer, New Jersey, United States, President of College of New Jersey [present Princeton], Presbyterian minister, Signer of Declaration Of Independance, Elizabeth Montgomery (29 May 1722 - 1 October 1789), Anne Witherspoon (23 July 1749 - 1 April 1817), Christian Witherspoon, d.s.p. Annis Boudinot Stockton died February 6, 1801, surviving her beloved Richard by nearly twenty years. Stocktons home Morven had been occupied by British General Cornwallis. He studied law with David Ogden of Newark. John Knox Witherspoon was born at Gifford, a parish of Yester, at East Lothian . Witherspoon became the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. Anna, the eldest daughter, married Reverend Samuel Smith on June 28, 1775. William James Stone, Declaration of Independence, the Stone engraving, 1823. Dreading the possibility of war, on December 12, 1774; he drew up and sent to Lord Dartmouth, Secretary for the Colonies An Expedient for the Settlement of the American Disputes, a plan for self-government of America, independent of Parliament but owing allegiance to the Crown. Between 1776 and 1782, Witherspoon would serve on more than 100 committees, wearing his minister's robes in Congress to remind the delegates that God was on their side. Family Court 1st Judicial Circuit, . Firm but good-humored in his leadership, Witherspoon was very popular among both faculty and students. John Witherspoon is Don Rigali . In 1746, he helped to raise troops to fight Scottish rebels who were rebelling against English domination in Scotland. One of her poems about General Washington, on the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, shows how highly Washington esteemed these complimentary writings by the letter he wrote Annis. Philip Stockton, Julia Rush (born Stockton), Susan Stockton, Lucius Stockton, Richard Arthur Stockton, Abigail Field (born Stockton), Mary Stockton, Oct 1 1730 - Princeton, New Jersey Colony, British Colonial America, Feb 28 1781 - Princeton, New Jersey Colony, British Colonial America, John Stockton, Abigail Stockton (born Phillips), Oct 1 1730 - Princeton, Mercer, New Jersey, Feb 28 1781 - Princeton, Mercer, New Jersey, USA. Miss Montgomery, at an early age, and at the time of his immigration had three sons and two daughters. [23] An inventory of Witherspoon's possessions taken at his death included "two slaves valued at a hundred dollars each".[24]. In 1757, he wed Annis Boudinot, built their home Morven, and later had two sons and four daughters. Paintings of Richard Stockton, George Washington and Elias Boudinot hang in Nassau Hall to this day. John bartlett family trees listed as josiah, was glorious to be freely in particular repeal of independence in the independents in his many ventures including women. Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. When he was at last able to return to his home, John Hart found that his wife had died and his 13 children were scattered throughout the countryside or in captivity. For this reason, Rev. Feb 5 1723 - East Lothian, Ecosse, Royaume-Uni, Nov 15 1794 - Princeton, Comt De Mercer, New Jersey, tats-Unis, Princeton Cemetery, Princeton, New Jersey, United States, Feb 5 1722 - Gifford, East, Lothian, Scotland, Nov 15 1794 - Princeton, Mercer, New Jersey, Scottish-American Presbyterian Minister And A Founding Father Of The United States, Manse Of Yester, Gifford, East Lothian, Scotland, United Kingdom, Princeton Cemetery, Princeton, New Jersey. In council he was wise and firm, but always prudent and moderateThe office of Judge of the province was never filled with more integrity and learning that it was by him for several years before the revolution. John Witherspoon. John is first cousin to Rev. John later became a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. The 47 year-old son of a plantation owner, he was first elected to the colonial legislature in 1761, and sent to the first and second Continental Congresses. The practice of ancient nations, of making their prisoners of war slaves, was altogether unjust and barbarous; for though we could suppose that those who were the causes of an unjust war deserved to be made slaves; yet this could not be the case of all who fought on their side; besides the doing so in one instance would authorize the doing it in any other; and those who fought in defense of their country, when unjustly invaded, might be taken as well as others. Boykin Witherspoon was an early plantation owner in De Soto, South Carolina. The two remaining sons were bred to professions, and arose to distinction. The British occupied the area and did much damage to the college, nearly destroyed it. There were no defectors. Another statue stands near Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C., at the intersection of Connecticut Avenue, N Street and 18th Street. Behold here 'the end of all perfection.' If something of the kind was not done, he warned Lord Dartmouth, the result would be an obstinate, awful, and tremendous war. "[17], Long wary of the power of the British Crown, Witherspoon saw the growing centralization of government, progressive ideology of colonial authorities, and establishment of episcopacy authority as a threat to the liberties of the colonies. Amidst all the compliments which have been made on this occasion, be assured, madam, that the agreeable manner, and the very pleasing sentiments in which yours is conveyed, have affected my mind with the most lively sensations of joy and satisfaction. Had you known the pleasure it would have communicated, I flatter myself, your diffidence would not have delayed it to this time. 03.12('53) DVD Persuaded by Stockton and Benjamin Rush (a medical student in Edinburgh) Witherspoon accepted and became the president of the College, and ten years later signed the Declaration of Independence alongside Stockton and Dr. Benjamin Rush (then Stocktons son-in-law). To fulfill this, he and his family emigrated to New Jersey in 1768. On July 2, 1776, the day of the vote on independence, another delegate claimed that America wasn't yet ripe enough for independence. Upon his arrival at then College of New Jersey, Witherspoon found the school in debt, with weak instruction and an outdated library. Witherspoon cast his affirmative vote for independence on July 2, 1776. John Witherspoon would profess that he loved his new home in New Jersey, and that he had "become an American the moment he landed." In 1913, a handsome bronze marker was placed at the site by the Sons of the American Revolution. In the days that followed, copies of the Declaration of Independence was posted throughout the 13 states and read in public places. After the death of Mrs. Witherspoon, the Doctor, at the age of seventy, married a young woman of twenty-three, an alliance which occasioned much gossip and noise in the neighborhood and family circle. In answer to an objection that the country was not yet ready for independence, according to tradition he replied that it "was not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it.". Unanimity was essential, so Edward Rutledge of South Carolina moved that a final vote be postponed until the following day. Richard Stockton as a prisoner of war, and taken behind enemy lines was also required to take the oath. General Washington ordered that the document be read to each Army brigade on July 9th, and he reported afterwards to Congress on "the expressions and behavior of officers and men testifying their warmest and approbation of it." All three were captured, refused a British offer of amnesty if they would repudiate the American cause, and were shipped to the Crown stockade at St. Augustine, Florida. Unlike some English advocates of religious freedom, Witherspoon was willing to extend such freedom to Roman Catholics, and he believed that the state could encourage good behavior and that religious virtue led to political strength. After the Revolutionary War, he continued to serve as President of the College of New Jersey, but spend several years working to rebuild the college. Witherspoon instituted a number of reforms, including modeling the syllabus and university structure after that used at the University of St. Andrews and other Scottish universities. "Give me the cannon," Nelson shouted. His work turned Princeton into the Ivy League school it is today. Witherspoon was an early convert to the Patriot cause, and the British considered his college to be a seminary of sedition (Morrison 2005: 13). Witherspoon, John. He was captured there November 30, 1776, by loyalists in the dead of night, drug from his bed and marched in freezing weather clad only in a nightshirt and breeches. The wife of William Floyd escaped with her children by boat across Long Island Sound into Connecticut and died in 1781 without ever again seeing her home. The Syng inkstand is a silver inkstand used during the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the United States Constitution in 1787. [5][6] This latter claim of Knox descent though ancient in origin is long disputed and without primary documentation. The debate continued into the Fourth of July and, in Jefferson's own words, "seemed as though it would run on interminably. The British considered his college to be a "seminary of sedition." (Painting by Charles Willson Peale, public domain via Wikimedia Commons) An urgent message from his colleague, Thomas McKean, now demanded his presence in Philadelphia "at the earliest possible moment." There is not a single shoe or stocking to be had in this part of the world, or I would ride a hundred miles thought the woods, and purchase them with my own moneyfor youll consider that the weather here must be different from that in New Jersey; it is very cold now I assure you. He is particularly interested in the experiences of children in 1765-75. By invitation he spent a week at the country estate of the Marquis of Rockingham and was entertained by the Earl of Chatham, the Earl of Chesterfield and other distinguished members of Parliament friendly to the American Colonies. Please, is a professor of political science and dean of the Honors College at Middle Tennessee State University. He remained at the University to study divinity. Witherspoon embraced the concepts of Scottish common sense realism, and while president of the College of New Jersey became an influential figure in the development of the United States' national character . John Knox Witherspoon (1723-1794)clergyman, educator, and founding fatherserved as Princeton's sixth president from 1768 until his death in 1794. Stockton was the first person from New Jersey to sign the Declaration of Independence. Dr. Witherspoon enjoyed great success at the College of New Jersey. It took only a few minutes to complete the signing, and it was agreed not to make the signatures public for six months to give the signers and their families as much time as possible to secure themselves against certain reprisals. Hancock is also reported to have said that "we must be unanimous. "John Witherspoon." He was in private practice as an otolaryngologist until 2012. In regard to civil magistrates, Witherspoon thus believed moral judgment should be pursued as a science. He died a pauper in Princeton at the age of 51. He was turned over to the British and jailed in Perth Amboy first, then sent on to prison in New York. He helped organize Nassau Presbyterian Church in Princeton, New Jersey. Abraham Clark, the New Jersey signer who was known as "The Poor Man's Counsellor", had two sons - both Army officers - who were captured and accorded barbarous treatment on the hellship 'Jersey'. Delaware was called next by Charles Thompson, the clerk of the Congress, and Caesar Rodney, in a tired but clear voice, responded: "As I believe the voice of my constituents and of all sensible and honest men is in favor of independence, and my own judgment concurs with them, I vote for independence.". Many of his students, including James Madison, Aaron Burr, Philip Freneau, and John Breckenridge, would play prominent roles in the development of the new nation. Oct 4, 2013 - Explore Heather Weaver's board "John witherspoon" on Pinterest. Rush and Stockton's recruiting letters can be found in Butterfield, L. H., "John Witherspoon Comes to America", Princeton University Library, Princeton, New Jersey. Encyclopedia Table of Contents | Case Collections | Academic Freedom | Recent News, John Witherspoon, an early convert to the Patriot cause, was president of the College of New Jersey (today's Princeton University) and the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. . Biography by Rev. Page 201.The Collections of the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. [26] That spring, Phagan took a job with the National Pencil Company, where she earned ten cents an hour operating a knurling machine that inserted rubber erasers into the metal tips of pencils, and worked 55 hours per week. He was attacked one night in Edinburgh by a desperate robber and defended himself skillfully with a small sword. After nearly five weeks of brutal treatment, Stockton was released on parole, his health ruined. John Witherspoon brought some impressive credentials and a measure of public acclaim with him when he joined the colonies in 1768, as president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton). Cambridge in amesbury at many independents in doing this brave signer of grace, he is selected as to make sure that gathered intelligence produced numerous illustrations. He also made a mark in politics, serving as a member of the Continental Congress from 1776 until 1782. They understood quite clearly that they were indeed pledging "to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. He read it, and the simple ceremony was over. And Charles Carroll, a new delegate from Maryland and one of the wealthiest men in America, replied as he was asked by Hancock if he would sign: "Most willingly." He also served twice in the New Jersey Legislature, and strongly supported the adoption of the United States Constitution during the New Jersey ratification debates. From among his students came 37 judges, three of whom made it to the U.S. Supreme Court; 10 Cabinet officers; 12 members of the Continental Congress, 28 U.S. From 1758 to 1768, he was minister of the Laigh Kirk, Paisley (Low Kirk). The ink was hardly dry on the Declaration of Independence when General William Howe landed 25,000 British soldiers on Long Island and inflicted nearly 20 percent casualties on the Continental Army in a battle on August 27th. To professions, and all of his immigration had three sons and four daughters of Common Pleas sons... Members of Congress meeting at the time of his extensive library, writings, all... Former in Witherspoon 's Presbyterian doctrine of brutal treatment, Stockton was first. The age of 51 to each other our lives, our fortunes, at. 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