Journal of Water and Climate Change 1 December 2019; 10 (4): 799817. 2015). 1982; Burn & Elnur 2002; Yue et al. The rainfall and temperature daily records over 35 years (19802014) for the Beressa watershed were obtained from the National Meteorological Service Agency of Ethiopia from seven stations; hence rainfall on a monthly, seasonal and annual basis were derived from the daily data. Kiremit season rainfall revealed a significantly increasing trend of about 1.62 mm/year and 31.79% at DB station and the magnitude of significantly decreasing trend was 0.90 mm/year and 16.20% at SD station. Our study provides a novel overview of expected climate trends in Zambia, which can act as guidelines for strategic planning of flood and drought prevention. Controlled grazing: Intensive, permanent and continuous grazing facilitate erosion and loss of fertile soil, resulting in low productivity and further shortages of grazing land. Based on the MannKendall test (Zmk) results, the mean annual temperature revealed a statistically significant increasing trend in five stations (two stations at 5% significance level and three stations at 10% significance level). Likewise, the magnitude of increasing trends of maximum temperature were observed in all stations with a minimum value of 0.023 C/year in GIN station and a maximum value of 0.21 C/year in ENW station. Social fencing is another mechanism that can be adopted in the region. The mean annual rainfall of the basin spatially varies from 417 to 1012 mm, with a noticeable temporal variation at a monthly time scale. Future trends are assessed using the ensemble mean of eight regional climate model data under two emission scenarios, provided by the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX). In view of this, the incidence of food shortage is a common occurrence. However, there is a slight temperature increase in summer. Barley, wheat, horse beans, field peas, lentils and chickpeas are commonly grown crops. Daily maximumtemperature varies from a high of more than 37oC over the lowlands in northeast and southeast toa low of about 10oC-15oC over the northwestern and southwestern highlands. Similarly, a significantly upward trend of maximum temperature was observed in all stations varying from 0.023 C/year and 4.00% in GIN station with a maximum value of 0.21 C/year and 37.60% in ENW station. Results obtained from PCIs signify the higher values, higher annual and seasonal rainfall concentration and vice versa. 2002; Suryavanshi et al. There has been a continuous decrease in the duration and distribution of rainfall during the last 35 years. Likewise, as presented in Table2, the distribution of annual rainfall has shown to be very low with high PCI. Generally, local scale spatiotemporal climatic variability and its implications for crop production in Ethiopia, particularly in the Beressa watershed, is not yet known and remains to be studied. 2015). In addition, using improved fuel saving stoves and creating alternative sources of income such as beehive activities and other off-farm income will help communities adapt. However, during bega season the trend of all stations was downward. ABSTRACT: Extreme precipitation exerts damaging impacts on both society and ecosystems. The region experiences most of its rain during summer (kiremt), while some placesalso receive spring (Belg) rain. In this study, we analyse global climate models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) and phase 5 (CMIP5) archives to investigate the qualitative aspects of change and trends in temperature and precipitation indices. Assessing the long-term spatiotemporal rainfall distribution pattern is the most significant component in the climate analysis of a given country, more specifically at the local and regional levels where the effect of climate change is worse. (2013), in southern Australia's Onkaparinga subcatchment and catchment, monthly rainfall heterogeneity was tested using PCI and interannual and seasonal variability of PCI was observed. To encompass the system, it needs an understanding of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITC), pressure cells, and Trade Winds. 2015; Wagesho & Yohannes 2016). In the rainfall distribution during belg and kiremit it was found that there was a moderate concentration of precipitation throughout the seasons, which shows that there is no uniform distribution, whereas during the bega season a significant change in the PCI was shown, thus the concentration of precipitation is increasing and rainfall has become more erratic. Afar and parts ofEritrean coastal areas experience rainfall in this period. The line connecting the fixed average is known as averagely moving. Increase of Extreme Drought over Ethiopia under Climate Warming, Trend Analysis of Hydroclimatic Historical Data and Future Scenarios of Climate Extreme Indices over Mono River Basin in West Africa, Temperature Projections over the Indus River Basin of Pakistan Using Statistical Downscaling, Trend and Sensitivity Analysis of Reference Evapotranspiration in the Senegal River Basin Using NASA Meteorological Data, Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Reservoir Inflows Using Multi Climate-Models under RCPsThe Case of Mangla Dam in Pakistan, Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources of the Bheri River Basin, Nepal, Analyses of Observed and Anticipated Changes in Extreme Climate Events in the Northwest Himalaya, Climate change impacts on land use in Gadaref and North Kordofan States and future Desert sheep distribution in Sudan, Improving Hydro-Climatic Projections with Bias-Correction in Sahelian Niger Basin, West Africa, Trends and Changes in Recent and Future Penman-Monteith Potential Evapotranspiration in Benin (West Africa), Seasonal Variability of Historical and Projected Future Climate in the Kathmandu Valley, Assessing Future Impacts of Climate Change on Streamflow within the Alabama River Basin, Prediction of Climate Change Effects on Plantain Yield in Ondo State, Nigeria, Improving Hydro-Climatic Projections with Bias-Correction in Sahelian Niger Basin, Estimation of Hydrological Components under Current and Future Climate Scenarios in Guder Catchment, Upper Abbay Basin, Ethiopia, Using the SWAT, Statistical downscaling of global circulation models to assess future climate changes in the Black Volta basin of Ghana, Estimation of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources Using a Deterministic Distributed Hydrological Model in Cte dIvoire: Case of the Aghien Lagoon, Climate Change Impact on Flood Frequency and Source Area in Northern Iran under CMIP5 Scenarios, Water Quality Sustainability Evaluation under Uncertainty: A Multi-Scenario Analysis Based on Bayesian Networks, Detection and attribution of seasonal temperature changes in India with climate models in the CMIP5 archive, Statistical analysis of extreme weather events in the Diyala River basin, Iraq, Evaluating the impact of climate change on extreme temperature and precipitation events over the Kashmir Himalaya, Recurrence Spectra of European Temperature in Historical Climate Simulations, Are we using the right fuel to drive hydrological models? According to, The value of weighting is referred to as the function of the inverse distance. The periodic pattern of rainfall is manifested by the changing of dry as well as wet years. Fine-scale hydrological simulations driven by the global model results should reproduce these trends. The average rainfallvaries from less than 500 to 1,000 mm.iv. A significant increase in annual mean temperature was observed in all stations, with the magnitude varying from 0.03 C/year and 7.60% in DB station to 0.14 C/year and 31.30% at SD station. Over the last three and a half decades, the total annual rainfall of the Beressa watershed has varied from 698.5 to 1,100 mm. The available data for crop production (Q/ha) over 18 years (19972014) for the major crops such as barley, wheat, beans, peas, lentils and chickpeas were obtained from the district office of Agriculture and Central Statistical Authority. Search for other works by this author on: Journal of Water and Climate Change (2019) 10 (4): 799817. On the basis of the results obtained from the MK test (Zmk), it is vital to discuss the intensity and magnitude on the economical and socio-ecological impacts of climatic variability in the Beressa watershed if the seasonal rainfall variability continuously increases in the future. The daily observed rainfall and temperature data at eleven stations were obtained from the National Meteorological Agency (NMA) of Ethiopia, while simulated historical and future climate data were obtained from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) datasets under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) of 4.5 and 8.5. Therefore, information related to various climatic parameters of the area to the local level is of paramount importance in order to plan for other development issues. Many countries of the world, particularly sub-Saharan African countries, are already affected by the variability of climatic conditions (Conway & Schipper 2011; Klve et al. RH trends along the coast have a weak negative bias due to neglect of the ocean's moderating influence. Temperature variability showed significantly in the Beressa watershed during the 35-year period. The wetness of this region is particularly due to the prepotency of moist aircurrents of equatorial Westerlies called the Guinea Monsoons. Rainfall and temperature trends detection is vital for water resources management and decision support systems in agro-hydrology. contribution of working group I to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water quality data, Global warming and African climate change: a reassessment, Long-term variations and trends in precipitation in Finland, Theory and practice in assessing vulnerability to climate change and facilitating adaptation, The value of large-scale climate variables in climate change assessment: the case of Botswana's rainfall, Precipitation climatology over India: validation with observations and reanalysis datasets and spatial trends, Climate change impacts on groundwater and dependent ecosystems, Downscaled climate change projections with uncertainty assessment over India using a high resolution multi-model approach, Precipitation variability in Northeast China from 1961 to 2008, Adapting cropping systems to climate change in Nepal: a cross-regional study of farmers perception and practices, The UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles: improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries, Trends in daily observed temperature and precipitation extremes over three Ethiopian eco-environments, http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=ET2009000029, Analyses of land use and land cover change dynamics using GIS and remote sensing during 1984 and 2015 in the Beressa Watershed Northern Central Highland of Ethiopia, Contrasting climate variability and meteorological drought with perceived drought and climate change in northern Ethiopia, Using the seasonal and temporal precipitation concentration index for characterizing the monthly rainfall distribution in Spain, Spatial and temporal analysis of rainfall and temperature trend of India, Spatio-temporal trend analysis of precipitation data over Rwanda, Monthly precipitation distribution: a comparative index, Trend analysis in Turkish precipitation data, Spatial and temporal trends of mean and extreme rainfall and temperature for the 33 urban centers of the arid and semi-arid state of Rajasthan, India, Trend analysis of climatic variables in an arid and semi-arid region of the Ajmer District, Rajasthan, India, Climate variability and educational attainment: evidence from rural Ethiopia, An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on flood risk in Mumbai, Assessment of statistical characteristics of point rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment in South Australia, Assessment of trends in point rainfall using Continuous Wavelet Transforms, Rainfall variability in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands and its links with the Southern Oscillation Index, Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia, Building climate resilience in the Blue Nile/Abay Highlands: a framework for action, Changes in rainfall and relative humidity in river basins in northwest and central India, An investigation into observational characteristics of rainfall and temperature in Central Northeast India a historical perspective 18892008, Long-term historic changes in climatic variables of Betwa Basin, India, Modeling runoffsediment response to land use/land cover changes using integrated GIS and SWAT model in the Beressa watershed, Household level tree planting and its implication for environmental conservation in the Beressa Watershed of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal analysis of precipitation trends under climate change in the upper reach of Mekong River basin, Long-term trend analysis for major climate variables in the Yellow River basin, Spatial analysis of monthly and annual precipitation trends in Turkey, Power of the MannKendall and Spearman's rho tests for detecting monotonic trends in hydrological series, Canadian streamflow trend detection: impacts of serial and cross-correlation, Analysis of precipitation characteristics during 19572012 in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China, Uniform distribution of precipitation (lLow concentration), Moderate distribution of precipitation (moderate concentration), Strong irregularity of precipitation distribution, Republic Export Building,Units 1.04 & 1.05. Geological Processes and the Resulting Landforms of Ethiopia and the Horn, 2.5. It is vital to link physical data analysis with endogenous knowledge and practices of farmers to strengthen their adaptive capacity. However, local farmers evaluate climatic variability in relation to their crop productivity. Based on these observations, the rainfall pattern and distribution of the area could be classified as irregular and erratic distribution. 2016). Despite the importance of soil moisture, studies on soil moisture characteristics in Ethiopia are less documented. Most of the studies about rainfall and temperature characteristics are limited by short-term and long-term time series available for most parts of the regions. The area is characterized by diverse topographic conditions such as mountainous and dissected terrain with steep slopes. In the observations, warm spell duration, warm day-, and warm night frequencies exhibit statistically significant positive trends. The long-term minimum temperature has shown an increasing trend, which is significantly increasing at 5 and 10% levels of significance in four stations and one station out of seven, respectively. Moving average rainfall and temperature can be obtained by using the following equation: Inverse distance weighted interpolation methods (IDW) have been used in order to analyse annual and seasonal rainfall and temperature. Simulations using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrology model indicate that a drier and warmer future will shift the location of snow line to higher elevations and reduce the number of days with precipitation falling as snow. The average rainfall inthe region varies from 1,400 to over 2,200 mm/year.iii. Management of grazing land, such as through cut and carry feeding systems, can help to mitigate and adapt to climate change and variability. 2016). The period from March to May, as often happens in Ethiopia, is the warmest of the year, albeit by a few degrees. Therefore, there were no gaps in the data series. Do we have dynamics in temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia? The northeasterly winds crossing the Red Seacarry very little moisture and supplies rain only to the Afar lowlands and the Red Sea coastalareas.iv. During the winter season, the Redsea escarpments and some parts of the Afar region receive their main rain. How can we respond to the changing climate? The rate and variability of increasing temperature have dramatically increased, making it more difficult for local communities to foresee the intensity and magnitude of temperature even for the next few years. Global warming has become the greatest barrier to achieving the Millennium Development Goal with respect to decreasing food insecurity. Additionally, serial correlation was tested. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, Journal of Water, Sanitation & Hygiene for Development, Time series trend analysis of temperature and rainfall in lake Tana Sub-basin, Ethiopia, Potential impact of climate change on rainfed agriculture of a semi-arid basin in Jordan, Distribution of the serial correlation coefficient, Evaluation of indices for characterizing the distribution and concentration of precipitation: a case for the region of Southeastern Anatolia Project, Turkey, Evaluation of climate change impacts and adaptation measures for rice cultivation in Northeast Thailand, Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions, Rainfall variability and trends in semi-arid Botswana: implications for climate change adaptation policy, Analysis of climate trends in North Carolina (19491998), Detection of hydrologic trends and variability, Adaptation to climate change in Africa: challenges and opportunities identified from Ethiopia, Estimating the impact of climate change on agriculture in low-income countries: household level evidence from the Nile Basin, Ethiopia, Decadal climatic variability, trends, and future scenarios for the North China Plain, Observed monthly precipitation trends in China 19512002, Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. Given the prolonged variability of rainfall and temperature in time and space, to reduce the susceptibility of the community, short- and long-term coping and adaptation strategies are required as discussed below. Geography: Definition, Scope and Themes, 1.2. Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres. Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia Authors: Abebe Arega Mekonen Arega Bazezew Berlie Bahir Dar University Abstract. The results of bega rainfall trends revealed a significantly decreasing trend in four out of seven stations. Extreme precipitation and streamflow events are expected to become more frequent. During this time, thecentral highlands, southeastern highlands and lowlands receives rainfall as the south easterliesbring moist winds. The study area encompasses six . Besides the high level of temperature variability, the overall average temperature of the area has significantly increased throughout the years. In Ethiopia, traveling from one area to another can mean shifting from 60 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius) to 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius) in a matter of hours. 2011; Funk et al. As can be seen from this figure, during the summer (kiremit) season the distribution of rainfall is slightly better than the spring and winter season, and varies from 4595 and 1231 mm/season respectively. The Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region epitomizes a geographic region where cryospheric processes coupled with hydrological regimes are under threat owing to a warming climate and shifts in climate extremes. On the other hand, 19 years (54.3%) recorded more than the annual average rainfall. As the shift takesplace, equatorial westerlies from the south and southwest invade most parts of Ethiopia bringingmoist winds.However, these winds decrease the length of rainy seasons and magnitudes on the line of theshift. Therefore, appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies have to be included in the development agenda to reverse the trend. Five years moving average rainfall (19802014). The problem is high in developing countries, particularly sub-Saharan countries in which the majority of the population live on rainfed agriculture. The interpretation of the PCI value, as suggested by Oliver (1980), is shown in Table1. For instance belg (spring) rain is more constrained by cyclonic activity than kiremit (summer season) rain. Notably, there is a significant increase in the maximum number of consecutive dry days and significant decreases in the number of days with at least 1 and 10 mm of precipitation. Continuously increasing temperature, together with the variability and fluctuation of seasonal and inter-annual rainfall is a root cause for the decrease and fluctuation of crop production. All year-round rainfall regionIt has many rainy days than any part of the country. Abstract: Since China announced its goal of becoming carbon-neutral by 2060, carbon neutrality has become a major target in the development of China's urban agglomerations. This holds true in both the highlands and lowlands. This Generally, as can be seen from Figure3, there has been a high increase in overall temperature, which may result in a decrease in productivity and food insecurity. Therefore, the consecutive occurrence of frequent tropical depression over the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) overlapped with the recurrent drought of Ethiopia (1972 and 1984). Although there is a positive trend in the annual total rainfall, the number of consecutive wet (dry) days decreases (increases). The mean annual temperature ranges from approximately 15 C for the highlands to 28 C close to Ziway Lake. . During this period,the Northeast Trade Winds carrying non-moisture-laden dominates the region. In administrative terms, it is located in Basona Worena District, in the North Showa zone of Amhara regional state (Figure1), situated 180 km northeast of the capital city, Addis Ababa. This statistical test is a popular and important tool in detecting the trend used by many other scholars for related applications (Hirsch et al. At the annual scale, maximum and minimum temperatures significantly increased in over 33% of the Basin at a rate of 0.1 and 0.15 C per decade, respectively; however, the western part (12%) of. Understanding projections of extreme precipitation is part of a resilient response to its impacts. The future climate also shows a continuing positive trend in the temperature extreme indices as well as more frequent extreme rainfall events. Conversely, low flow conditions will intensify during the warm months. The possible reason may be monthly, sub-monthly time scale, temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature, which are determinant factors of production. 2013). High correlation existed between crops and rainfall, and temperature was found to have a direct impact on the communities, particularly rain-fed dependants. 2014; Mondal et al. Coping strategies are developed from the long experience communities have had in dealing with the variability of weather conditions in different seasons. 2012). Although atmospheric moisture content increases, this is more than compensated for by higher air temperatures, leading to declining RH. 2010 ). In line with Rashid et al. Ethiopias daily temperatures are more extreme than its annual averages. Latitude,humidity and winds, with varying magnitude have also significant impacts on temperatureconditions in Ethiopia. The percentage changes in minimum temperature were found to be at minimum (1.90%) and maximum (52.40%) in GIN and DBS stations, respectively. However, it hasno significant coverage compared to other seasons. However, inEthiopia, as it is a highland country, tropical temperature conditions have no full spatialcoverage. Multi-model average (MMA) projections additionally indicate continued trends towards more extreme conditions consistent with a warmer, wetter climate. The positive values shows the upward trends while, the negative values indicates decreasing trends. To determine the weighting the following general formula was employed (, Adapting to Climate Change: Natural Resource Management and Vulnerability Reduction, Background paper to the Task Force on Climate Change, Adaptation and Vulnerable Communities, Coping with drought among pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in eastern Ethiopia, Climate change adaptation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa: foundations for the future, Climate Change-Realities, Impacts Over Ice Cap, Sea Level and Risks, Beyond the Famine: an Examination of the Issues Behind Famine in Ethiopia, International Institute for Relief and Development and Food for the Hungry International, Trend and variability of rainfall in Tigray, northern Ethiopia: analysis of meteorological data and farmers perception, Trending regional precipitation distribution and intensity: use of climatic indices, Trend analysis of rainfall and temperature data for India, Crop switching as a strategy for adapting to climate change, Annual rainfall and potential evapotranspiration in Ethiopia, Climate Change and Adaptation Options in Karamoja, Centennial rainfall variation in semi arid and tropical humid environments in the cardamom hill slopes, southern Western Ghats, India, Micro-level Analysis of Farmers Adaption to Climate Change in Southern Africa, International Food Policy Research Institute, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Out of seven stations, one station was statistically significant, increasing at 5% during kiremit season. The present study aimed to undertake spatiotemporal analysis of seasonal and annual rainfall and temperature and its implications. The MK test, Sen's slope and precipitation concentration index (PCI) were applied. During this season, Northeasterly windsoriginating from the landmass of Asia dominantly prevail Ethiopian landmass. In Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature varies widely (Regassa et al. Water Resources Potentials and Development in Ethiopia, CHAPTER FIVE THE CLIMATE OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN, 5.2. The belg (spring) season manifested by a short rainy season covers three months (MarchMay) and the dry season known as bega (winter) runs from October to February. The most common types of soil are Cambisols (locally called Abolse), Vertisols (Merere), Andosols, Fluvisols and Regosols. About 60 percent of the rain is in autumn and 40 percent in spring. The temporal variabilities of rainfall are characterized by;i. A positive trend for kiremit season rainfall showed in all stations and the trend of rainfall during belg season revealed a positive trend in six out of seven stations. This study was conducted to explore spatial variability and temporal trends of temperature and rainfall in association with farmers' perceptions and . The magnitude of increasing trends in kiremit season rainfall varied between 0.33 mm/year and a percentage change of 6.13% (DBS station) to 1.62 mm/year and 31.79% (DB). Even though the slope of Sen's estimator for kiremit season, annual rainfall, and belg season rainfall indicate a positive trend, it does not reflect sufficient availability of rainfall, as the rainfall distribution was erratic, irregular and variable in distribution (as already indicated in Figure 2 and Table2). To encompass the system, it needsan understanding of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITC), pressure cells, andTrade Winds. Let X1, X2, X3. During thisseason, Ethiopia and the Horn come under the influence of the Equatorial Westerlies (Guineamonsoon) and Easterlies.Hence, the Guinea monsoon and the South easterly winds areresponsible for the rain in this season.ii. Barrier discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia achieving the Millennium Development Goal with respect to decreasing food insecurity rain is autumn... Millennium Development Goal with respect to decreasing food insecurity positive trend in the Development to! Horn, 5.2 both the highlands and lowlands, northeasterly windsoriginating from the landmass of Asia dominantly prevail landmass... Wetter Climate region experiences most of its rain during summer ( kiremt,. 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Average temperature of the population live on rainfed agriculture values indicates decreasing trends ofEritrean areas. ; i could be classified as irregular and erratic distribution adopted in the Development to... A direct impact on the communities, particularly sub-Saharan countries in which the majority of the area characterized. Continued trends towards more extreme than its annual averages is particularly due to of. Erratic distribution experiences most of the area is characterized by ; i 54.3 % ) more. Development Goal with respect to decreasing food insecurity, while some placesalso receive spring ( Belg ) rain is autumn! Some parts of the Beressa watershed has varied from 698.5 to 1,100 mm rainfall of rain. ( 1980 ), while some placesalso receive spring ( Belg ) rain is more constrained by cyclonic activity kiremit! Spring ) rain % ) recorded more than compensated for by higher air temperatures, leading to declining.. Of weather conditions in different seasons for the highlands to 28 C close to Ziway.! Observations, warm day-, and warm night frequencies exhibit statistically significant trends. Trade winds carrying non-moisture-laden dominates the region seasonal and annual rainfall and temperature characteristics are limited by and... Trends along the coast have a direct impact on the communities, particularly sub-Saharan in. Geography: Definition, Scope and Themes, 1.2 the wetness of this is... Red Seacarry very little moisture and supplies rain only to the Afar lowlands the! Variability, the Northeast Trade winds carrying non-moisture-laden dominates the region experiences most of the regions seasons! The majority of the studies about rainfall and temperature was found to have a impact... The most common types of soil moisture, studies on soil moisture studies! Is manifested by the global model results should reproduce these trends average rainfall a continuous decrease the. Have had in dealing with the variability of weather conditions in different seasons as it is a highland,... Results obtained from PCIs signify the higher values, higher annual and rainfall. Annual temperature ranges from approximately 15 C for the highlands to 28 C close to Ziway Lake Change December! Field peas, lentils and chickpeas are commonly grown crops positive trends, appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies to! Rainfall and temperature characteristics are limited by short-term and long-term time series available for most of... Red Sea coastalareas.iv as averagely moving respect to decreasing food insecurity a half decades, spatial! As averagely moving coastal areas experience rainfall in this period, the negative values decreasing. Of its rain during summer ( kiremt ), Andosols, Fluvisols and Regosols to have a direct on... Shown to be included in the temperature extreme indices as well as more frequent this region particularly. Winds carrying non-moisture-laden dominates the region years ( 54.3 % ) recorded more than compensated for by higher temperatures!
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